The most important agricultural products in our country is wheat that plays an important and distinct role in preparing food for people.Like other products of agriculture, we see many losses in this product from producing to consuming. According to the results in harvesting irregular or old combines can affect the products by breaking grains or not separating the wheat from chaff. Doing this study, some parts of VARAMIN which have most wheat farming land have been chosen such as Javad Abad, Ghaleh Sin and Khaveh. The average of losses in Varimin has been estimated 7 percent for one hectare. Amount of losses was like this damage losses 4.2 percent, quantitative losses.1.6 percent, cylinder losses 0.6 and sieve losses 0.6 percent. It can be said that the main reasons for these losses were: age of combine, speed of machine, cuter bar height, planting method, lack of adaptation between reel speed and combine speed, the farmer’s lack of fumiliarity with the combine, incongruity speed of fans, weed pollution, unsuitable of grain wheat during harvesting and irregularity of sieve. Accordingly, there are some suggestions: Land leveling, determination of useful age of combines and the best time for replacing, farmer’s and operators training, arrangement of combine device parts and using suitable ways for planting and irrigation.

Deficit-irrigation is an optimum approach of water application under water deficit or expense. In this research, the effect of deficit-irrigation has been investigated for corn plant (variety of single cross 704). The experiment carried out in case of randomized complete block design which has 13 treatments and 3 repeats. The first treatment was without any irrigation and next treatments have increase of 10 % of full water requirement respect to previous one up to 120%. The results showed full irrigation (82.4 cm application water depth in unit AREA) had maximum yield of 77360 kg/ha, and dry-farming and deficit-irrigation by application water depth of up to 30% of water requirement had only loose of money for farmer. Furthermore, Maximum pure benefit was related to treatment with 10% decrease in full irrigation. The highest value for gross and pure income belonged to treatments by 50% and by 30% decreases in requirement water depth respectively. In general, results showed irrigation by application depth more than requirement depth not only decreased the benefits but also the yields. In case of limitation in water resources and permission to increase AREA of farming, the highest value in pure benefit will obtain in treatment by full irrigation.

The surficial spreading of evaporitic deposits has destructive effects on the quality of water and soil resources. In this paper, the reasons of the surficial spreading of evaporitic deposits in the VARAMIN-Semnan AREA have investigated. Therefore, faults have considered as a main factor of the surficial appearance of salt deposits. This deposits are related to the Kond and the Lower Red formations and they are spreading under the warm and dry climatically conditions now.

This study conducted in Khaveh station related to VARAMIN Natural Resources and Agricultural center in summer 2008. The experimental design was based on a randomized complete block with split split block with three replications. Treatments include winter wheat residue (Triricum aestivum L.) as a major factor in two levels including (burning residue and non-burning residud) and Tillage as a secondary factor in three levels include: No tillage, disk, Plow+disk and nitrogen as a bi secondary factor in three levels (0, 200, 400 kh/ha). The measurements included plant height, yield of forage corn, leaf AREA index and dry weight in stages of 7-8 leaves and tasseling. Results indicated that the effect of wheat residue had no significant difference on measurements except leaf AREA index in stage of tasseling. The most leaf AREA index (3.26096) related to non-burning residue. The most height (84.944cm), leaf AREA index (0.96) and dry weight (5.6944 g/plant) in stage of 7-8 leaves was related to No tillage and the most leaf AREA index (4.13), dry weight (90.10 g/plant) and yield of forage corn (61.889 ton/ha) in stage of tasseling was related to No tillage treatment.

Barley stripe is a common disease of barley where the crop is grown. The mean percentage of infected barley fields during 2000 and 2001 was estimated 5.17 ± 2.5 and 3.67+/- 2.38, respectively in VARAMIN AREA. In order to find the sources of resistance among barley cultivars, 9 cultivars: Reyhan, Valfajr, Karoon, Aras, Jonob, Gorgan, Morex, Chevron and Roboust were tested in glasshouse. Inoculation was carried out by placing 40 barley seeds between two mycelium-covered plates. For evaluation of resistance and susceptibility of barley cultivars in field, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment 13 barley cultivars Zarjo, Valfajr, Roboust, Reyhan, Kavir, Karoon, Chevron, Excell, Gorgan, Aras, Dasht, Jonob and CI 9539 were used. The isolate No. 19 of Pyrenophora graminea was grown on potato dextrose agar plates (90 mm) until the plates were covered with mycelia. The seeds to be infected were then placed on the plates and allowed to germinate at 4-5°C for 10 days. In the second experiment 18 barley cultivars: Gorgan, Karoon × Kavir, Goharjo, Aras, Eram, Makooye, C__2, Reyhan, Jonob, Kavir, Dasht, Valfajr, Chevron, Excell, Roboust, CI9539, Morex and Karoon were used. The method of seed inoculation was similar to the first experiment. The germinated infected seeds were grown in field conditions. Evaluation of disease symptoms was performed at different times after planting. Percentage of infected leaves and infected stems were determined. Results indicated that cultivars Jonob, Eram, Makooye and C__2 had the least infection and were the most resistant cultivars. Cultivars Karoon, Zarjo, Valfajr, Reyhan, Kavir and Karoon × Kavir were susceptible. Cultivars Morex, Chevron, CI9539, Roboust, Excell and Goharjo had the intermediate reactions.

Counter-urbanization has been defined with many definitions in research literature as increasing of the small town population in the process of urban expansion and development. This study investigates the counter-urbanization process in Isfahan metropolitan AREA based on an exploratory method using the population and immigration data, diurnal commuting, and the immigration motivators. The results show that, during different periods, population growth has been changed from the greater cities’ metropolitan AREA to the small towns. So that, there is less population growth near the main greater cities during the last decade. Regarding the immigration as well as migration effectiveness over the population, and immigration motivators, it can be said that the most important parameters of small towns’ expansion near the greater cities are better habitation opportunities, and finding better jobs. Furthermore, decreasing the diurnal commuting close to the greater cities shows that small towns, which are farther from the greater city, have more autonomy. In addition, based on polarization reversal model, and population development investigation in metropolitan AREAs, there are population development from the greater cities’ centre to the periphery AREA, which is leaded to decrease the population of the main greater city, and increase the population absorption in small towns. Consequently, the urbanization of Isfahan metropolitan AREA has entered to a counter-urbanization phase.

Flood spreading has been identified as an effective method to improve soil fertility, recharging groundwater, restoring vegetation condition and combating desertification. Identifying the rate of changes under this treatment has great value for restoration programs. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of flood irrigation on the soil properties in Band-E-Alikhan AREA in VARAMIN.The study AREA is located in south part of VARAMIN, north of Masileh Plain and Salt Lake coast in Qom. Mixed soil samples were collected from the first, middle and the last plots established along the five transects with 50 meters length in both treated and control sites. Soil samples were also collected and compared from under canopy and bare soils in flood spreading AREA. Results of T test showed that the average percentage of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and saturated water content and silt were increased and electrical conductivity, soil bulk density and clay content were decreased in flood spreading AREA compared to control site. Results also indicated that electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, saturated water content, sand and clay content were increased and silt percentage was decreased under plant canopy compared to the bare soil AREAs. Therefore, it can be stated that establishing flood spreading system in the region has gradually increased the soil fertility.

This paper, by estimating the domestic water demand function, determines the minimum consumption in the VARAMIN AREA. For this purpose, have been used annual time series data between 982-2015, Geary-Stone utility descriptive form and Auto Regressive Distributed Lag. Research variables include average household income, average temperature, price, water per capita consumption and consumer price index ratio. The tests for determining the causal and causal relationship between the time series of drinking water data were performed with Eviews 9 software. The results of income elasticity indicate the necessity of domestic water demand in VARAMIN. . Other results of the research have a positive and significant effect of the ratio of the consumer price index to the water price index on per capita water volume. Based on estimates, the minimum water consumption of every citizen of VARAMIN is 152 liters per day.

The Compressing of soil due to traffic of agricultural machines and tillage tools which affect on the soil physical features and performance of agriculture production is going to become worst by mechanization of agriculture and vast application of tools. In this research, as a split plot experiment based on a completely randomized blok desing has been used and the effect of three types of tillage (moldboard plow-without moldboard plow and chisel plow) on two levels with and without subsoiling on selected plant and soil parameters was studied. Soil parameters under study included:1-moisture content 2-Bulk density of soil ,before and two months after planting in two depth of (0-10cm) and (10-20cm)and plant parameters included:1-The percentage of germination 2-plant dry matter. analysis of variance and Duncans multiple range test for comparision of means has been used. It was determined that in plots with subsoiler, the treatment of bz (subsoiler+moldboard plow)had a significant difference with az(subsoiler+chisel) and cz (subsoiler+without moldboard).On the other hand in plots without subsoiler a chisel showed a siginificant difference with b (moldboard plow) and c(without moldboard plow).